In the past decade, interest in, and research into, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have increased substantially in Italy. This growing interest has been especially marked during the last three years, mainly as a consequence of the introduction, in 2007, of a national ADHD register. However, despite a significant growth of awareness and knowledge of the disorder among clinicians, some critical issues remain, and ADHD is still an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition in the Italian context.